[toc]

一、Nginx防盗链：

1. 打开配置文件：

增加如下配置文件：

[root@xavi ~]# cd /usr/local/nginx/conf/vhost/[root@xavi vhost]# vim test.com.conf    }   #  location ~ .*\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf)$  #  {  #        expires      7d;  #        access_log off;  #  }    location ~* ^.+\.(gif|jpg|png|swf|flv|rar|zip|doc|pdf|gz|bz2|jpeg|bmp|xls)${       expires 7d;     valid_referers none blocked server_names  *.haha.com ;    if ($invalid_referer) {        return 403;    }    access_log off;

• 防盗链部分

valid_referers none blocked server_names  *.test.com ;    if ($invalid_referer) {        return 403;    }

如上配置文件中匹配以gif,jpg,png结尾的页面，并且设置一个白名单的referer为*.test.com, 其它的（$invalid_referer）均403 forbidden！

2. 测试+重载（-t && -s reload）

[root@xavi vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -tnginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is oknginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful[root@xavi vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload

测试

[root@xavi vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 test.com/2.js -IHTTP/1.1 200 OKServer: nginx/1.12.1Date: Thu, 15 Mar 2018 14:03:24 GMTContent-Type: application/javascriptContent-Length: 14Last-Modified: Thu, 15 Mar 2018 13:08:00 GMTConnection: keep-aliveETag: "5aaa7030-e"Expires: Fri, 16 Mar 2018 02:03:24 GMTCache-Control: max-age=43200Accept-Ranges: bytes

使用本地主机访问2.js 是没有问题的,指定一个referer，再次测试：

[root@xavi vhost]# curl -e "http://www.baidu.com/1.txt" -x127.0.0.1:80 -I test.com/1.gifHTTP/1.1 403 ForbiddenServer: nginx/1.12.1Date: Thu, 15 Mar 2018 14:06:07 GMTContent-Type: text/htmlContent-Length: 169Connection: keep-alive

二、Nginx访问控制：

有时候在咱们运维一些网站的时候，发现一些访问是不正常的。或者为了提高安全性，我们需要将某些页面加密处理！

1 增加如下配置文件

vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/vhost/test.com.conf

location /admin/{    allow 127.0.0.1;    allow 192.168.72.130; //自己试验虚拟机的网卡    deny all;}

==匹配规则为，一旦匹配则后面的均不执行，也就是允许127.0.0.1和192.168.72.130 访问；其它的均拒绝！==

2.测试语法并重载配置

[root@xavi vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -tnginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is oknginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful[root@xavi vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload

3.匹配站点后台登录页，进行访问控制！

[root@xavi vhost]# curl -e "http://www.baidu.com/1.txt" -x127.0.0.1:80 test.com/admin/ -IHTTP/1.1 200 OKServer: nginx/1.12.1Date: Thu, 15 Mar 2018 14:24:58 GMTContent-Type: text/htmlContent-Length: 15Last-Modified: Wed, 14 Mar 2018 14:07:17 GMTConnection: keep-aliveETag: "5aa92c95-f"Accept-Ranges: bytes

[root@xavi vhost]# curl -x192.168.72.130:80 -I test.com/admin/HTTP/1.1 200 OKServer: nginx/1.12.1Date: Thu, 15 Mar 2018 14:30:46 GMTContent-Type: text/htmlContent-Length: 15Last-Modified: Wed, 14 Mar 2018 14:07:17 GMTConnection: keep-aliveETag: "5aa92c95-f"Accept-Ranges: bytes

查看日志:cat /tmp/test.com.log

4.针对某个可以上传的目录做指定文件（例如：php）不解析：

location ~ .*(upload|image)/.*\.php${        deny all;}

[root@xavi vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 test.com/upload/1.php -IHTTP/1.1 403 ForbiddenServer: nginx/1.12.1Date: Thu, 15 Mar 2018 14:46:06 GMTContent-Type: text/htmlContent-Length: 169Connection: keep-alive

任何PHP文件都不解析，而txt文件可以访问

[root@xavi vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 test.com/upload/1.txt -IHTTP/1.1 200 OK

5.根据user-agent限制：

如果站点被CC***了，或者不想被蜘蛛爬自己的网站，我们完全可以根据user-agent去禁止掉：

vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/vhost/test.com.conf 打开添加一下语句

if ($http_user_agent ~ 'Spider/3.0|YoudaoBot|Tomato'){      return 403;}

测试语法并重加载配置

[root@xavi vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -tnginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is oknginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful[root@xavi vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload

加载1.txt测试

[root@xavi vhost]# curl -A "Tomato" -x127.0.0.1:80 test.com/upload/1.txt -IHTTP/1.1 403 ForbiddenServer: nginx/1.12.1Date: Thu, 15 Mar 2018 14:58:51 GMTContent-Type: text/htmlContent-Length: 169Connection: keep-alive[root@xavi vhost]# curl -A "tomato" -x127.0.0.1:80 test.com/upload/1.txt -IHTTP/1.1 200 OKServer: nginx/1.12.1Date: Thu, 15 Mar 2018 14:58:59 GMTContent-Type: text/plainContent-Length: 6Last-Modified: Thu, 15 Mar 2018 14:47:36 GMTConnection: keep-aliveETag: "5aaa8788-6"Accept-Ranges: bytes

我们发现，当我们修改user-agent为小写的时候，就不生效了。所以我们需要设置忽略大小写：

重新在虚拟机配置文件 test.com.conf下修改配置

if ($http_user_agent ~* 'Spider/3.0|YoudaoBot|Tomato'){      return 403;}只需要在~添加一个 * 即可！

完成过程：

[root@xavi vhost]# !vimvim /usr/local/nginx/conf/vhost/test.com.conf [root@xavi vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -tnginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is oknginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful[root@xavi vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload[root@xavi vhost]# curl -A "tomato" -x127.0.0.1:80 test.com/upload/1.txt -IHTTP/1.1 403 ForbiddenServer: nginx/1.12.1Date: Thu, 15 Mar 2018 15:03:22 GMTContent-Type: text/htmlContent-Length: 169Connection: keep-alive

三、Nginx解析php相关配置

1.增加以下配置：

location ~ \.php$      {        include fastcgi_params;        fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/php-fcgi.sock;        fastcgi_index index.php;        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /data/nginx/www.test.com$fastcgi_script_name;      }

fastcgi_pass 用来指定php-fpm监听的地址或者socket

完整以配置的内容：

vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/vhost/test.com.conf   #        expires      7d;  #        access_log off;  #  }    location ~* ^.+\.(gif|jpg|png|swf|flv|rar|zip|doc|pdf|gz|bz2|jpeg|bmp|xls)$    }    access_log off;}   location ~ .*\.(js|css)$    {             expires      12h;          access_log off;    }    location /admin/{             allow 127.0.0.1;     allow 192.168.72.130;    deny all;}location ~ .*(upload|image)/.*\.php${           deny all;}if ($http_user_agent ~* 'Spider/3.0|YoudaoBot|Tomato'){      return 403;}       location ~ \.php$      {        include fastcgi_params;        fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/php-fcgi.sock;        fastcgi_index index.php;        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /data/nginx/www.test.com$fastcgi_script_name;      }

2.创建一个测试php文件

[root@xavi vhost]# vim /data/nginx/test.com/3.php>?phpphpinfo();

无法解析，显示源码（编辑的conf文件未完成-t&-s reload配置）

[root@xavi vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 test.com/3.php
    

这里特别注意下配置文件中/data/nginx/test.com,而不是设置www.test.com

-t&-s reload配置后，可以正常解析phpinfo（）

3.小结：其中fastcgi_pass用来指定php-fpm的地址，如果php-fpm监听的是一个tcp:port的地址(比如127.0.0.1：9000),那么也需要在这里改成fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1：9000。这个地址一定要和php-fpm服务监听的地址匹配，否是会报502错误.还有一个地方要注意fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME 后面跟的路径为该站点的根目录，和前面定义的root那个路径保持一致，如果这里配置不对，访问PHP页面会出现404;还有一种502的现象，如果内存中出现大量的php-fpm进程占据了内存，也会同样导致此问题！

location ~ \.php$      {        include fastcgi_params;        fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/php-fcgi.sock;        fastcgi_index index.php;        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /data/nginx/test.com$fastcgi_script_name;      }

查看php-fpm: vim /usr/local/php-fpm/etc/php-fpm.conf

[global]pid = /usr/local/php-fpm/var/run/php-fpm.piderror_log = /usr/local/php-fpm/var/log/php-fpm.log[www]listen = /tmp/php-fcgi.sock#listen =127.0.0.1:9000listen.mode = 666user = php-fpmgroup = php-fpmpm = dynamicpm.max_children = 50pm.start_servers = 20pm.min_spare_servers = 5pm.max_spare_servers = 35pm.max_requests = 500rlimit_files = 1024

无法查看错误日志

测试：找到了日志文件路径，查看了error.log,里面是有内容的，但是忘了自己是否对nginx专门设定了日志文件

[root@xavi ~]# cd /usr/local/nginx/logs/[root@xavi logs]# lsaccess.log  error.log  nginx_error.log  nginx.pid

[root@xavi logs]# cat error.log2018/03/14 00:05:58 [emerg] 124460#0: unknown directive "er" in /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf:12018/03/14 21:06:14 [notice] 5737#0: signal process started2018/03/14 21:41:27 [notice] 6234#0: signal process started2018/03/14 21:59:27 [notice] 6446#0: signal process started2018/03/14 22:16:03 [notice] 6668#0: signal process started2018/03/14 22:38:58 [emerg] 6947#0: a duplicate default server for 0.0.0.0:80 in /usr/local/nginx/conf/vhost/torreid.com.conf:32018/03/14 22:40:17 [emerg] 6962#0: a duplicate default server for 0.0.0.0:80 in /usr/local/nginx/conf/vhost/torreid.com.conf:32018/03/14 22:44:22 [emerg] 7015#0: a duplicate default server for 0.0.0.0:80 in /usr/local/nginx/conf/vhost/test.com.conf:42018/03/14 22:55:13 [emerg] 7151#0: unknown directive "//有这个default_server标记的就是默认虚拟主机" in /usr/local/nginx/conf/vhost/aaa.com.conf:42018/03/14 22:56:55 [emerg] 7173#0: "location" directive is not allowed here in /usr/local/nginx/conf/vhost/atorreid.com.conf:122018/03/14 22:58:57 [emerg] 7197#0: a duplicate default server for 0.0.0.0:80 in /usr/local/nginx/conf/vhost/bcd.com.conf:32018/03/14 23:01:46 [warn] 7251#0: conflicting server name "test.com" on 0.0.0.0:80, i

四、Nginx代理

假如一个用户需要访问WEB服务器，但是用户与WEB服务器之间是不通的，WEB服务器在内网，我们需要一个代理服务器来帮助用户访问web，他必须和用户相通，也必须和web服务器相通，在中间起到搭桥的这就是代理服务器。这样当你下载好一个安装包后，别的同事也可以在内网里共享你的下载，节约资源.

4.1 原理：

Nginx代理是一种反向代理。反向代理（Reverse Proxy）方式是指以代理服务器来接受Internet上的连接请求，然后将请求转发给内部网络上的服务器；并将从服务器上得到的结果返回给Internet上请求连接的客户端，此时代理服务器对外就表现为一个服务器。

假如这家公司有很多台服务器，为了节省成本，不能为所有的服务器都分配公网IP，而如果一个没有公网的IP的复为其要提供web服务，就可以通过代理来实现，这就是 Nginx比httpd越来越受欢迎的原因

graph LR

用户–>代理服务器

代理服务器–>用户

代理服务器–>web服务器

web服务器–>代理服务器

4.2 编辑配置文件

cd /usr/local/nginx/conf/vhostvim proxy.conf

• 加入如下内容：

server{    listen 80;    server_name ask.apelearn.com;#   定义域名（一般和被代理ip的域名保持一致）    location /    {        proxy_pass      http://47.91.145.78/;  //用window的cmd去ping这个网址的IP#       指定被代理（被访问）的IP（web服务器IP）        proxy_set_header Host   $host;#       $host指的是代理服务器的servername（也是被代理IP的域名）        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP      $remote_addr;        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;    }}

因为是代理服务器所以不需要访问本地服务器的任何文件； ask.apelearn.com; 定义一个域名；

proxy_pass 。

$host; 也就是咱们的server_name

重启nginx之后再次测试，127.0.0.1就是自己的代理机，访问的论坛

[root@xavi vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 ask.apelearn.com -IHTTP/1.1 200 OKServer: nginx/1.12.1Date: Sun, 18 Mar 2018 08:51:31 GMTContent-Type: text/htmlConnection: keep-aliveVary: Accept-EncodingX-Powered-By: PHP/5.3.29P3P: CP="CURa ADMa DEVa PSAo PSDo OUR BUS UNI PUR INT DEM STA PRE COM NAV OTC NOI DSP COR"Set-Cookie: ape__Session=kgp331gk94i16pcv9jti0qgd65; path=/; domain=.apelearn.comExpires: Thu, 19 Nov 1981 08:52:00 GMTCache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate, post-check=0, pre-check=0Pragma: no-cache

测试网站的robots

[root@xavi vhost]# curl ask.apelearn.com/robots.txt## robots.txt for MiWen#User-agent: *Disallow: /?/admin/Disallow: /?/people/Disallow: /?/question/Disallow: /account/Disallow: /app/Disallow: /cache/Disallow: /install/Disallow: /models/Disallow: /crond/run/Disallow: /search/Disallow: /static/Disallow: /setting/Disallow: /system/Disallow: /tmp/Disallow: /themes/Disallow: /uploads/Disallow: /url-*Disallow: /views/Disallow: /*/ajax/